The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. In contrast, the English language arts academic trajectory in Alberta is ELA 10-1, 20-1, and 30-1 [which] provides a more in-depth study of text in terms of textual analysis. These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). Similarly, students who attend private schools can be conceptualized as having been streamed into elite classes that tend to reproduce social stratification in society. Variation and Formulas Completing a Portfolio, English Language Arts Streaming in Alberta, Mathematics is not the only subject that is streamed. The child interacts with many features of his or her environment which all contribute to the childs social development. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Alberta Education. WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. Students who are consistently placed in remedial classes may also start to view themselves as slow (Barakett and Cleghorn, 2008). The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Raby (2005) suggests that students in such environments are not learning how to be active participatory citizens in a democracy, but instead learning how to cope with rules that have been imposed upon them. Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. School administrators argued that the girls were in violation of the school dress code and that the practice had been banned by school because the duct tape outfits had become too racy in previous years.7. School settings often place children in heterogeneous classes with large groups of children of the same age, where they participate in very specific school-oriented activities and events. Such factors include parental influence, lack of role models, and the lowered expectations of teachers. Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). The popular girls self-described their sense of fashion and interest in their appearance and popular culture. Schools with the most severe discipline problems usually have the worst social climates as well. A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. What are some examples of streaming? Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). Similar to peer victimized children, peer rejection may occur simply because a child is perceived as being different in some way from other members of the peer group. This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. 7. Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. How are schools teaching morality? School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. In Alberta, applied English language arts are designated the course abbreviation of ELA 10-2 (Grade 10), 20-2 (Grade 11), and 30-2 (Grade 12). Because computer use is seen as a masculine activity by both boys and girls (Sokal 2002, 2010), the use of computers in literacy teaching may neutralize the idea that reading is a feminine task. There are many new behaviours and experiences that children must adapt to when starting school for the first time. 2010). Attempts to attract more males to the teaching profession have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. With school teachers being almost exclusively female, the feminization of schoolingargument suggests that schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? Few male role models exist to make young boys interested in subject matter because school subjects and the entirety of the schooling environment are for girls. Activities such as reading are considered girl activities, and behaviours that are valued in a classroom environment, like sitting still and paying attention, are more associated with the behaviours of young girls than boys. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). WebExamples of Socialization 1. Our peer group is also important because typically our peers share the same interest which lays foundation for support and socialization amongst the group. Such embedded practices are lining up, doing homework, taking tests, and being evaluated. The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. What are Brints three zones of socialization? What solutions are being offered? How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? No Way! The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. Schools were not equipped to deal with students with social and emotional disabilities, and it was these very students who were disproportionately punished through the Safe Schools Act. WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). 2010). Cooperating, taking turns, and practicing self-control are examples of social rules. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. 10. In Chapter 2, Meads theory of development of the self was discussed. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. These preferred styles reflect normative cultural values about what is valued cultural knowledge. Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. What problems are being identified? Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. 2010). They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. Examples-socialization must occur for a high school freshman to adjust to their new situation. course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. (2010), such conditions can only negatively impact the achievements of these students and further constrain their post-secondary prospects. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance.
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