In addition, they consider the sayings of Ahl al-Bayt that are not attributed directly to Muhammad as hadiths. But . [18], An example of SunniShia cooperation was the Khilafat Movement which swept South Asia following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the seat of the Caliphate, in World War I. Shia scholars "came to the caliphate's defence" by attending the 1931 Caliphate Conference in Jerusalem, although they were theologically opposed to the idea that non-imams could be caliphs or successors to Muhammad, and that the caliphate was "the flagship institution" of Sunni, not Shia, authority. Christians were pitted "against Muslims in Egypt, Jordanians against Palestinians in Jordan, and, above all, Sunnis against Shiites wherever possible.[97], ShiaSunni discord in Iraq starts with disagreement over the relative population of the two groups. [108] [16] Despite the fact that Pakistan is a Sunni majority country, Shias have been elected to top offices and played an important part in the country's politics. [167], As of 2006 four of the 150 members of Saudi Arabia's "handpicked" parliament were Shia, but no city had a Shia mayor or police chief, and none of the 300 girls schools for Shia in the Eastern Province had a Shia principal. During the Iraq War, the United States feared that a Shiite-led, Iran-friendly Iraq could have major consequences for American national security. [213], Anti-Shia groups in Pakistan include the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, offshoots of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI). union county ky obituaries. Jasmine and Dawoud didnt set their goal on a fancy wedding but instead, used that money to buy a house. Sectarianism based on this historic dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Husayn ibn Ali and some of his close partisans, including members of his household, were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph YazidI, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, albeit disproportionately, into two groups, the Sunni and the Shia. [52] The Shia also believe that he promised them that the Caliphate, or at least religious authority, would be vested in the Shia Imam. [108], While Shia make up roughly 10% of Saudi Arabia's population,[160] they form a large portion of the residents of the eastern province of Hasaby some estimates a majority[161]where much of the petroleum industry is based. His call seems to have been ignored, or swept away in the increasing tensions of Iraq under occupation. For Shias, Ashura is a day of mourning which commemorates the martyrdom of the Imam al-Husayn. In recent years, claims that multiculturalism has created segregated communities, encouraged terrorism, and failed to foster shared national identities in western nations have gained popularity. Devout women of the Shia traditionally wear black and yellow as do some Sunni women in the Persian Gulf. Pakistan's citizens have had serious Shia-Sunni discord. In addition to the destruction of the caliphate there was no official Sunni school of law. In Twelve-Imam Shiism, from the 13th to the 16th century, Sufism began to grow within official Shiite circles. According to one estimate, of the approximately 1,200 foreign fighters captured in Syria between summer 2003 and summer 2005, 85% were Saudis. Anger against the United States was also fueled by the humiliating disbandment of the Iraqi army and the de-Baathification law, which was first introduced as a provision and then turned into a permanent article of the constitution.[97]. [236], Conflict between religious groups in the Middle East have spread to the Australian Muslim community[242][243][244][245][246] and within Australian schools.[247]. "[207] Most violence takes place in the largest province of Punjab and the country's commercial and financial capital, Karachi. In 1996 a leading Sunni, Abdulmalek Mollahzadeh, was gunned down by hitmen, allegedly hired by Tehran, as he was leaving his house in Karachi. [2] [143][144], Members of the 'Balochistan Peoples Front' claim that Sunnis are systematically discriminated against educationally by denial of places at universities, politically by not allowing Sunnis to be army generals, ambassadors, ministers, prime minister, or president, religiously insulting Sunnis in the media, economic discrimination by not giving import or export licenses for Sunni businesses while the majority of Sunnis are left unemployed. What kind of music do you listen to? Muslim Mamas 2022 Copyrighted to Muslim Mamas. Unfortunately, from 1987 to 2007, "as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died" in Shia-Sunni sectarian fighting in Pakistan", 300 being killed in 2006. Al-Banna killed 125 Shia and wounded another 150 in the 2005 Al Hillah bombing of a police recruiting station and adjacent open air market. [225][229][230] As of 2019, El-Zakzaky was still imprisoned. In contrast, most Shia were largely unaffected as their center was not in Iran at this time. (2004), "Mahdi", Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world, Thompson Gale, p.421, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAtlas_of_the_Middle_East_(Second_ed. "[166], Members of the Shia Muslim community (estimated at between 7 and 10 per cent of Saudi Arabias population of about 19 million) suffer systematic political, social, cultural as well as religious discrimination. Since the 1970s, and especially since the Iranian Revolution . The "shadowy Sunni militant group Jundallah" has reportedly been receiving weaponry from the United States for these attacks according to the semi-official Fars News Agency. On the other side Shia from Hezbollah in Lebanon and from Asaib Ahl al-Haq and Kata'ib Hezbollah militias from Iraq have backed the Syrian government. The man can divorce the woman whenever he wants to in a Misyar marriage.[48]. [38] Umar, Uthman, Abu Bakr, Aisha, Muawiya, being the names of figures recognized by Sunnis but not Shias, are commonly used as names for Sunnis but are very rare, if not virtually absent, for Shias.[50]. [253], After the collapse of the Iraqi army and capture of the city of Mosul by ISIS in June 2014, the "most senior"[254] Shia spiritual leader based in Iraq, the Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, who had been known as "pacifist" in his attitudes, issued a fatwa calling for jihad against ISIS and its Sunni allies, which was seen by the Shia militias as a "de facto legalization of the militias advance". The Sunni Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant movement claimed responsibility, issuing a statement saying: "Let the polytheist Houthis know that the soldiers of the Islamic State will not rest until we have uprooted them." Ambassadors were withdrawn from both countries. Mass demonstrations have been held in favor of full-fledged democracy in March and June 2005, against an alleged insult to Ayatollah Khamenei in July 2005.[205]. [214] As in Iraq they "targeted Shia in their holy places and mosques, especially during times of communal prayer. Had Shi`ism not been deeply rooted in the Iranian spirit, the Safawids (9071145/15011732) would not have succeeded in converting Iranians to the Shi'i creed Ahl al-Bayt sheerly by capturing political power. Saddam wanted Iraq to replace Iran as the dominant state in the Persian Gulf, but he was also worried that the Iranian revolution could have a ripple effect among his countrys Shia majority. Of these some 5% are Shia, the rest are Sunni. This research paper has tried to focus on origin and development of Sunni-Shia division in Islam and also on its political, socio-economic implications and contemporary relations. However, Shia opposition to the government was brutally suppressed, resulting in some 50,000 to 100,000 casualties and successive repression by Saddam's forces. The divide between Sunnis and Shia is the largest and oldest in the history of Islam. Mainstream Shia and Sunni women wear the hijab differently. [185][186] All this resulted despite the strong filial bonds, ties of commerce, and traditional friendship between the two neighboring countries. Both the Sunni al-Qaeda and "Islamic State" consider Shia Muslims to be heretics. In the 1980s, Ibrahim El-Zakzakya Nigerian admirer of the Iranian Revolution who lived in Iran for some years and converted to Shia Islamestablished the Islamic Movement of Nigeria. Many distinctions can be made between Sunnis and Shias through observation alone: When prostrating during ritual prayer called Salah in Arabic. horse racing demographics; every student, every classroom, every day; bachhal surname caste; general milley height and weight. [153] Polemics critical of Sunnis were reportedly being produced in Arabic for dissemination in the Arab Muslim world by Hojjatieh-aligned elements in the Iranian regime. They were in control in Persian Iran, but the Sunnis led most Arab states in the Middle East. Balochistan People's Front, "Zahedan bombings intended to foment Sunni-Shia conflict: governor", "No casualties in renewed bombing in south-east Iran 02/16/07", "UNSC condemns terrorist act in Iran's Zahedan", Ahmadinejad sheds crocodile tears for Sunnis in Iran, "Shi'ite supremacists emerge from Iran's shadows", "Mullahs Increase Persecution of Sunni Muslims in Iran", Blasts target Iraq's Shia Muslims on the eve of Ashura, Latest Iraq blast targets Shia mosque, September 16, 2005, Four days after al-Qaeda in Iraq declared all-out war on the Shiite majority, more than 250 people have been killed, "Bombs kill 42 outside mosques in Lebanon's Tripoli", "Al Qaeda: Hezbollah To Blame For Lebanon Bombings That Killed Dozens In Tripoli", "Car bomb kills 20 in Hezbollah's Beirut stronghold", "Pilgrimage to Karbala Sunni and Shia: The Worlds of Islam", "Egypt's Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil", "Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time", "Egypt mob attack kills four Shia Muslims near Cairo", "Egypt: Lynching of Shia Follows Months of Hate Speech", Yemeni President: al-Houthi is an ill man, mentally abnormal, The Rule of Law Sidelined in the Name of Security, "Yemen crisis: Islamic State claims Sanaa mosque attacks", "Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan", "Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists", "With Iran-Backed Conversions, Shiites Gain Ground in Africa", "As Trump Makes Threats, Iran Makes Friends", "Nigerian Muslims: We love Imam Khamenei, we fight to death for Iran", "Mass graves for '300 Shia Nigerians' in Zaria", "Zaria Massacre: Army deliberately targets reproductive organs of IMN's women; They shouted 'there will never be Shia in Nigeria', "Indonesia Shia group accuse extremist Sunni leaders of violating constitution", "Attacks Planned Against Indonesia's Shia Community, Govt Says", "Shia Ideologies In Malaysia Being Wary Of Its Threats", "Annals of National Security: The Redirection", "Supporting Bahraini Apartheid Is Not in America's Interest", "Sectarian tensions underlying conflict in Syria erupt in Sydney and Melbourne", "Syria's Civil War Spills Over in Sydney", "Sectarian tensions running high, say Australian Muslim leaders", "Islamic State grooming Aussie teens as young as 14 for terror army online", "Kurds accused of "ethnic cleansing" by Syria rebels", "Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross", "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State", "ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World", "ISIS Crimes against Humanity For Immediate release", "Questions Rebels Use to Tell Sunni From Shiite", "Iraq conflict: Shia cleric Sistani issues call to arms", "The war against jihadists. [163], The Saudi conflict of Shia and Sunni extends beyond the borders of the kingdom because of international Saudi "Petro-Islam" influence. Official media refers to the fighting as armed clashes between the police and "bandits," "drug-smugglers," and "thugs," to disguise what many believe is essentially a political-religious conflict. Another effect noted by political scientist Gilles Kepel, is that the initial attraction of the Islamic Revolution to Sunnis as well as Shia, and Khomeini's desire to export his revolution, motivated the Saudi establishment to shore up its "religious legitimacy" with more strictness in religion (and with jihad in Afghanistan) to compete with Iran's revolutionary ideology. The kings of the Kara Koyunlu dynasty ruled in Tabriz with a domain extending to Fars and Kerman. Some Shia perform prayers more than once in quick succession (1+2+2 i.e. [108] "Even Afghan Shia refugees in Iran", driven from Afghanistan by Sunni extremism, have "reportedly been recruited by Tehran for the war in Syria". "Today, Azerbaijan is probably the only country where there are still mixed mosques and Shia and Sunnis pray together. [136], The violence shows little sign of getting opposite sides to back down. Another example is hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah, who is considered by Shias as an enemy of Ali. [139] In a joint appearance with former Iranian president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani calling for Shia-Sunni unity, Sunni Shiekh Yusuf al-Qaradawi complained that no ministers in Iran have been Sunni for a long time, that Sunni officials are scarce even in the regions with majority of Sunni population (such as Kurdistan, or Balochistan)[140] and despite the presence of Christian churches, as a prominent example of this discrimination. After the death of Muhammad in 632, a group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Sunnis, believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr, whereas a second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shias, believed that his successor should have been Ali. Their woman are more independent and can make decisions too. Manzoor Nomani, a senior Indian cleric with close ties to Saudi Arabia published a book entitled Iranian Revolution: Imam Khomeini and Shiism. [190][191] The Syrian Civil War has brought on an increase in anti-Shia rhetoric,[192] and what Human Rights Watch states is "anti-Shia hate speech by Salafis". This is known today as the Islamic schism. Among the explanations for the increase are conspiracies by outside forces to divide Muslims,[93][94] the recent Islamic revival and increased religious purity and consequent takfir,[95][96] upheaval, destruction and loss of power of Sunni caused by the US invasion of Iraq, and sectarianism generated by Arab regimes defending themselves against the mass uprisings of the Arab Spring. [23] Sources put the numbers of Shias in Yemen at 25-30%. But Hussein and. [238] Richard Engel, who is an NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent, wrote an article in late 2011 alleging that the United States Government is pro-Sunni and anti-Shia. According to Roy, "two events created a sea change in the balance of power between Shia and Sunnis: the Islamic revolution in Iran and the American military intervention in Iraq" in 2003. During the uprising, the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood attacked military cadets at an artillery school in Aleppo, performed car bomb attacks in Damascus, as well as bomb attacks against the government and its officials, including Hafez al-Assad himself, and had killed several hundred. The battle took place in 680 CE and while it became one of the causes of the split between Shia and Sunni Muslims, it happened long before religious differences between Sunni and Shia. As of March 2015, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (or ISIS/ISIL, Daesh), a Salafi jihadi extremist militant group and self-proclaimed caliphate and Islamic state led by Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria,[248] had control over territory occupied by ten million people[249] in Iraq and Syria, as well as limited territorial control in some other countries. Among those blaming the US invasion of Iraq are Fawaz Gerges, who writes in his book ISIS: A History, By destroying state institutions and establishing a sectarian-based political system, the 2003 US-led invasion polarized the country along Sunni-Shia lines and set the stage for a fierce, prolonged struggle driven by identity politics. They also believe in a devil, angels, and demons. In Lebanon, Hezbollah, the Lebanese Shia militia and political movement is the "strongest political actor" in the country. The word Shia in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people. At least 17 Shia were killed. [2] Sunnis are a majority in almost all Muslim communities around the world. Ali Bhutto was Shia, Zia ul-Haq a Sunni. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni. A series of short films in which Kaisan and Naeem (both 12 year's old) and 11-year-old Sara explain the traditions and beliefs of their Muslim faith. [225] Many of the converted are poor Muslims. As-Saffah assumed both the temporal and religious mantle of Caliph himself. Unsavoury allies", "The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos", "Naharnet Lebanon's leading news destination", "Talking Politics Dr. Mohammed Sayed Tantawi Sheikh Al-Azhar", "Opinions and Fatwas of Muslim Scholar About proximity", Don't Fear the Shiites: The Idea of a Teheran-Controlled "Shiite Crescent" over the Greater Middle East is at Odds with Reality, Here Are Some of the Day-To-Day Differences Between Sunnis and Shiites, Opposing the Imam: The Legacy of the Nawasib in Islamic Literature, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ShiaSunni_relations&oldid=1142774190, Sheikh Abd al-Majid Salim, in a letter that was sent to Ayatollah Borujerdi by Sheikh Abd al-Majid Salim, was written: "The first thing that becomes obligatory to scholars, Shia or Sunni, is removing dissension from the minds of Muslims.". . European Pressphoto Agency After Ali also was assassinated, with a poison-laced sword at the mosque in Kufa, in what is now Iraq, his sons Hasan and then Hussein claimed the title. [92], Following this period, SunniShia strife has seen a major upturn, particularly in Iraq and Pakistan, leading to thousands of deaths. [110] However, Sunni are split ethnically among Arabs, Kurds and Turkmen. Around 10% of Afghanistan, less than 5% of the Muslims in Nigeria, and around 5% of population of Tajikistan are Shia. In recent decades the late leading Saudi cleric, Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz, issued fatwa denouncing Shia as apostates, and according to Shia scholar Vali Nasr "Abdul-Rahman al-Jibrin, a member of the Higher Council of Ulama, even sanctioned the killing of Shias,[162] a call that was reiterated by Wahhabi religious literature as late as 2002. This decision was not a spontaneous one. Of course, it cannot be denied that Iran's environment was more favourable to the flourishing of the Shi'ism as compared to all other parts of the Muslim world. The Shias accept some of the same hadiths used by Sunnis as part of the sunnah to argue their case. Shias were also persecuted during the Ba'ath Party rule, especially under Saddam Hussein. d) during the Fatimid Caliphate to Persia. [214], ShiaSunni strife in Pakistan is strongly intertwined with that in Afghanistan. August 12, 2016. Both Sunni and Shia women wear the hijab. "[223], In Nigeriathe most populous country in Africauntil recently almost all Muslims were Sunni. From the Iranian Revolution to 2015, Shia groups in Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, supported by Iran have recently won "important political victories" which have boosted Iran's regional influence. The findings of this research prove that the division between Sunni and Shia is not primarily based on religion, as many believe, rather, the division is a result of politics over time. Intercommunal violence resurfaced in 193536 and again in 1939 when many thousands of Sunni and Shias defied the ban on public demonstrations and took to the streets. [233] In general, the Muslim community can be categorized in terms of two orientations: "modernists," who closely adhere to orthodox theology while embracing modern learning; and "traditionalists," who tend to follow the interpretations of local religious leaders (predominantly in Java) and religious teachers at Islamic boarding schools (pesantren). At least seven Shi'a religious leaders-Abd al-Latif Muhammad Ali, Habib al-Hamid, Abd al-Latif al-Samin, Abdallah Ramadan, Sa'id al-Bahaar, Muhammad Abd al-Khidair, and Habib Hamdah Sayid Hashim al-Sadah-reportedly remained in prison for violating these restrictions. [53] (However, Abbasid persecution of Islamic scholars was not restricted to the Shia. The Shia argument is that Abu Hurairah was only a Muslim for four years of his life before Muhammad's death. They do no discriminate between Men and Women or Hindus or Muslims, etc 4. [207] Amongst the culprits blamed for the killing are Al-Qaeda working "with local sectarian groups" to kill what they perceive as Shia apostates, and "foreign powers trying to sow discord. The Shia campaign has clashed with Saudi Arabian, which also funds religious centers, school, and trains students and clerics, but as part of an effort to spread its competing Wahabbi interpretation of Islam. [99] Dr. Christopher Davidson argues that the current crisis in Yemen is being egged on by the US, and could be part of a wider covert strategy to spur fragmentation in Iran allies and allow Israel to be surrounded by weak states. 38 23 20 7 1 29 29Iraq 24Afghanistan 16Iran* 1 Lebanon Azerbaijan Very big . [80], In addition to Iran, Iraq has emerged as a major Shia government when the Twelvers achieved political dominance in 2005 under American occupation. [237], In late 2006 or early 2007, in what journalist Seymour Hersh called The Redirection, the United States changed its policy in the Muslim world, shifting its support from the Shia to the Sunni, with the goal of "containing" Iran and as a by-product bolstering Sunni extremist groups. SunniShia clashes also occurred occasionally in the 20th century in India. View Jasmine Fares' profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. ShiaSunni strife inside of Afghanistan has mainly been a function of the puritanical Sunni Taliban's clashes with Shia Afghans, primarily the Hazara ethnic group. [259], Effort to bring unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims had been attempted by Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi.[88]. ", "How can Sunnis and Shiites tell each other apart? Whereas Sunnis dominate the Muslim world, from West Africa to. An animated A to Z guide for pupils aged 11-14 that explores and introduces a variety of religious topics. According to Shia rights watch, in 2014 ISIS forces killed over 1,700 Shia civilians at Camp Speicher in Tikrit Iraq, and 670 Shia prisoners at the detention facility on the outskirts of Mosul. Some see a precursor of Pakistani ShiaSunni strife in the April 1979 execution of deposed President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on questionable charges by Islamic fundamentalist General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq removed Saddam Hussein from power and instituted elected government, the Shia majority has dominated the parliament and its prime ministers have been Shia. [60] Shia were dominant in Tabaristan, Qom, Kashan, Avaj and Sabzevar.