how to calculate river discharge

The Price AA current meter has a wheel of six metal cups that revolve around a vertical axis. Alluvial Channels | Geography, Stream & Types. As you're enjoying yourself sitting on the peaceful bank of a local river, onequestion you may ask yourself is "How much water is flowing in this river?" Stream discharge (or flow) can be defined as the product of the velocity, width, and depth of the water flowing through the channel of a stream. Energy Conservation: 11 Proven Ways to a Better Energy Conservation, Geothermal Energy: 7 Things You Must Know About Earths Heat Energy, Tidal Power: A Brand New Alternative Energy Source for Electricity Generation, Hydroelectric Energy: 10 Things You must Know About hydroelectricity, Alternative Energy: A Detail Guide on Nuclear Power That You Must Read. <>>> Some of these systems can store data and automatically calculate discharge based on the velocity and depth readings being taken. One Float is a Small Wooden Float, which Floats on the surface of the River. To ensure accuracy, turn the metre rule so that the narrow side of the ruler faces into the flow of the river. total discharge of the river or stream. Lastly, the ADCP provides a detailed profile of water velocity and direction for the majority of a cross section instead of just at point locations with a mechanical current meter; this improves the discharge measurement accuracy. On the other hand, if no water enters or leaves a stream, the discharge remains unchanged when compared near the source and down the stream. How many cubic meters of water will flow through the hose in 60 seconds? Use this interval to measure at 9 equally spaced points across the channel. To calculate discharge, multiply the area of water in a channel cross section by the average velocity of water in that cross section. A cable or steel measuring tape can be used for measuring the width of the stream or river water. Discharge - Discharge is another term for streamflow; it is the measured volume of water that moves past a point in the river in a given amount of time. The Length of the Rod is so adjusted that it should not touch the Weeds at bottom of the River and its top should be above the Water Surface. The river discharge from a drainage basin depends on precipitation, evapotranspiration, andstoragefactors. ? It consists of a Wooden Rod or a Metallic Rod Weighted at the bottom, so as to keep it Vertical or Inclined while traveling. One Float is a Small Wooden Float, which Floats on the surface of the River. Learning the formula for finding water discharge without being followed by the practice of working on direct questions certainly feels futile. rather robust to removal of individual measurement points. And if you were Hydrotech Karl Dydak, you would actually be 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), National Water Information System (NWIS) Web, Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations, A Day in the Life of a USGS Water Scientist. The velocity of the water affects it; faster water means more passes per second so more discharge. The gage is marked in 1/100th and 1/10th foot intervals. Another is a Hallow Metallic Sphere which is heavier than Water is suspended from the former by a Wire or String, connecting the two Floats, in such that, the Lower Metallic Float is at Depth of 6/10 of the Total Depth of Flow, as the Average Velocity of Flow exists at a Depth of 6/10 to the Total Depth. This method has several principles in measuring water discharge, including the following: Measuring the speed of water flow can also be done using the Flow Proble method by using a current meter. In situations where access is more limited you may have to take a more opportunistic approach to sampling however in this case it is sensible to get as close as possible to a systematic sample as possible. River discharge is the volume of water flowing through a river channel. River discharge is a volumetric measure of water flowing through the channel of a river past a point in unit time. River Discharge. 525 lessons. The total discharge is then computed by summing the discharge of each subsection. Multiply the depth by the width to find the cross . A systematic sampling strategy as illustrated with sampling sites at equal intervals downstream will help remove bias in site selection, whilst ensuring that your data best illustrates any changes downstream. The skills used in this module are used by students in future laboratory exercises where students apply these concepts to their own field study of streams in the region. He has a Masters in Education, and a Bachelors in Physics. When the current meter is unavailable, velocity can be measured using a relatively less accurate, though convenient technique termed float method. The accessibility of your chosen site will have an influence on your approach to sampling for a question investigating downstream changes it is ideal to gather data from points progressively further downstream. A third mechanical current meter, also a variation of the Price AA current meter, is used for measuring water velocity beneath ice. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Solar Radiation Overview & Effects | What is Solar Radiation? If you like the post, share it with your friends and also on social sites. A minimum of 0 will start the x axis at zero. It is most commonly expressed in cubic feet per seconds or gallons per day. So that the water source used can be optimized. Use this option to generate different river cross sections to the same scale. - (Never Buy New Batteries Now) - Click here, A Textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics, and Hydraulic Mechanics, Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Current Meter: How to Measure Average Velocity of Flow by Current Meter. It allows students to explore one of the greatest physical constraints aquatic organisms are exposed to on a daily basis. All rights reserved. However, the USGS has more accurate ways of determining how much water is flowing in a river. Stream discharge can be calculated at a given point using the formula: D is the average depth of water flowing through a stream or river channel. For the collection of your qualitative data it is not necessary (or practical!) This continuous record of stage is translated to river discharge by applying the stage-discharge relation (also called rating). Here are some useful words to use. In order to find out discharge carrying capacity of each river cross-section manually, above method is used but the work becomes time consuming. It is then followed by the multiplication of velocity, stream width, and water depth to find the discharge of a stream. If one wants to know the discharge in l/s instead of m 3/s, the formula to use is: Q = 1 000 V A where Q is the Discharge in l/s; Using the stream discharge formula that involves velocity, width, and depth parameters: Substitute the values in the given formula to get, {eq}Discharge=10\;ft/sec\times 12\;ft\times 8\;ft {/eq}, {eq}\therefore Discharge=960ft^{3}/sec {/eq}. Drainage basin . David has taught Honors Physics, AP Physics, IB Physics and general science courses. Use the formula q=va to calculate the discharge of a river, where "q" is the discharge, "v" is the velocity and "a" is the cross-sectional area of the river. Enter your fieldwork results in the calculator below. The direct proportionality of stream or river discharge with velocity (V), width (W), and depth (D) indicates the discharge shall increase if all these parameters increase. 3. The velocity (V) is often measured in feet per second ({eq}ft/sec {/eq}), while width (W), as well as the average depth (D) of the water, is measured in feet (or a unit of length). Discharge is the volume of water moving down a stream or river per unit of time, commonly expressed in cubic feet per second or gallons per day. Download an image of your cross section and print the data calculations used to construct and analyse it. How To Bring Any Dead Battery Back To Life Again? In recent years, advances in technology have allowed the USGS to make discharge measurements by use of an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Since the given values, in this case, are of velocity and cross-sectional area, the formula involving velocity and cross-sectional area parameters shall be used here. The discharge of a stream or river happens to decrease during dry weather while increasing during rainstorms. In justifying your choice of the variables you have measured it can be helpful to consider the linkages between the different river variables. It requires a lot of Skill, Accuracy, and alsolots of information on the subject. Changes in stream channels are often caused by erosion or deposition of streambed materials, seasonal vegetation growth, debris, or ice. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Streamgages continuously measure stage, as stated in the "Measuring Stage"" section. The hydrologic analysis of flood and low flows showed that the Kankakee River near Wilmington, which reflects the combined flows from the Iroquois and the upper Kankakee Rivers, is strongly influenced by the Iroquois River during flood flows and by the upper . The Velocity is Calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the Float by the time taken to travel that distance. The speed of water is measured with a device called a current meter. The volume of the bath = 50 cm x 50 cm x 100 cm. As the car or train passes, the sound of the horn seems to drop in frequency. Base Level of a Stream Overview & Examples | What Is Base Level? finally interpolating between the verticals, we arrive at a continuous approximation So, here you will come to know the three simple methods to calculate the river discharge. The stage information is routinely reviewed and checked to ensure that the calculated discharge is accurate. The development of an accurate stage-discharge relation requires numerous discharge measurements at all ranges of stage and streamflow. Measuring stream stageobtaining a continuous record of stagethe height of the water surface at a location along a stream or river Understand how to calculate discharge in perfect settings and what practical problems are faced. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. How to calculate river discharge using rainfall? <> It is measured in meters cubed per second or cubic feet per second. Each stream channel is different and, because the stage-discharge relation is a function of the streambed material and geometry, each rating curve will be unique to that site and a particular period of time. 1 0 obj You can get an idea of what stream stage is by looking at a picture of a common staff gage, which is used to make a visual reading of stream stage. The withdrawal of water would cause a decrease in the water velocity, width, and depth resulting in a decreased discharge of a stream or river. stream Calculate the amount of water used for activities. It is a two-fifths scale version of the Price AA meter and is designed to be attached to a wading rod. In each subsection, the area is obtained by measuring the width and depth of the subsection, and the water velocity is determined using a current meter. Discharge is the volume of water moving down a waterway per unit of time. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Stage, sometimes called gage height, can be measured using a variety of methods. Lag time -. Although stage is valuable information for some purposes, most users of streamgage data are interested in streamflow or dischargethe amount of water flowing in the stream or river, commonly expressed in cubic feet per second or gallons per day. Moreover, this method is also quite practical and certainly easy to learn. (L1d1+L2d2+L3d3). With a flow meter it is possible to obtain a measure of velocity in the field if you do not have access to a flow meter you can take some measurements using a float and calculate velocity using the formula. 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Below are examples of more real questions: A pipe drains 12 liters of water in one minute. A Telescope Rod may also be used to suit different Depths. Hence For this, we have to count the time taken by the Float to Travel a known Distance. Which river channel characteristics you chose to measure will depend on the question you investigate. The average velocity of the water can be measured using an object in the float method or devices such as current meter, and acoustic doppler current profiler. The discharge of a stream is affected by various factors such as weather, seasons of the year, water withdrawals, construction of dams, and others. Department of Natural Sciences, The "Flow Accumulation" creates a raster of accumulated flow into each cell. The USGS makes discharge measurements at most streamgages every 6 to 8 weeks, ensuring that the range of stage and flows at the streamgage are measured regularly. (L1d1+L2d2+L3d3)Simpsons Rule for River DischargeIn this Method, the whole Width of River is divided into an even number of equal Segments, so that there is an odd number of Depths taken at the end of each Segment.Average Velocity of FlowTo Measure Average Velocity of Flow following are three important Methods we can use.A) FloatsB) Pitot TubeC) Current MeterFloatsWith the help of Single Float, the Surface Velocity, at any section of River can be easily obtained.Hence For this, we have to count the time taken by the Float to Travel known Distance.The Velocity is Calculate by dividing the distance traveled by the Float by the time taken to travel that distance.This Surface Velocity is then converted into an Average Velocity.To obtain Average Velocity directly, a Double Float or Rod Float is used.Double FloatIt consists of two Floats connected by a Wire or String.One Float is a Small Wooden Float, which Floats on Surface of River.Another is a Hallow Metallic Sphere which is heavier than Water is suspended from the former by a Wire or String, connecting the two Floats, in such that, the Lower Metallic Float is at Depth of 6/10 of the Total Depth of Flow, as the Average Velocity of Flow exists at a Depth of 6/10 to the Total Depth.The Velocity of Flow then Calculates by Dividing the distance traveled by the Float by the time taken to travel that distance.This Method Directly gives the Value of Average Velocity.Rod FloatIt consists of a Wooden Rod or a Metallic Rod Weighted at the bottom, so as to keep it Vertical or Inclined while traveling.The Length of the Rod is so adjusted that it should not touch the Weeds at bottom of the River and its top should be above the Water Surface.A Telescope Rod may also be used to suit different Depths.A section free from Weeds must be chosen to avoid possibilities of the Weeds at the bottom of River to Interface with Rod Float.Get the Best Engineering Books at BIG DISCOUNT, Click Here, https://www.engihub.comAlso, like us on https://www.facebook.com/BestEngineeringHub

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